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PRELIMINARY CM9140 Four Output Driver for White LEDs
Features
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2.9V to 6V input voltage range Powers display backlight and/or flash WLED Low external parts count, requires no inductor and ballast resistors Low EMI and reflected ripple Adaptive charge pump ratio (1x or 1.5x) maximizes efficiency at both high and low input voltage Precision regulation for each output with 2% current matching at 20mA Programmable LED current via ISET pin Typical 500 KHz fixed switching frequency Supports up to 300mA, drives four LEDs regulated to 50mA each Analog and PWM intensity control Less than 10A shutdown current Over-current and over-temperature protection Undervoltage lockout Soft-start limits start-up inrush current 16 lead TQFN package Optional RoHS compliant lead free package
Product Description
The CM9140 is an adaptive fractional switched capacitor (charge pump) regulator optimized for driving four white LEDs. Each LED's driver current is matched to within 2% for uniform intensity. It supports an input voltage range of 2.9V to 6V, with undervoltage lockout. A failure detection circuit prevents the loss of power when one or more LEDs fail (short or open). Internal over-temperature and over-current management provide short circuit protection. The CM9140 regulates up to 300mA of output current to drive WLEDs, allowing up to 50mA per LED channel. The maximum LED current is programmed with an external resistor. The EN input allows for Analog and PWM brightness control. The CM9140 can also be used for a camera flash. In full shutdown mode, the CM9140 draws only 10A. The CM9140 automatically selects the most efficient charge pump ratio based on the operating voltage requirement of the white LEDs. The proprietary design architecture maintains high efficiency (> 80%), and at low VIN provides longer battery life. With a high VIN, or when the adapter is powered, it provides cool reliable operation. The CM9140 is available in a compact, 16-lead TQFNpackage. It can operate over the industrial temperature range of -40C to 85C.
Applications
* * * * Drives white LEDs for STN/TFT Color LCD backlighting Cell phones, PDAs Digital Still Cameras Flash for DSC
Typical Application
1.0uF C1P C1N 2.9V to 6.0V 1uF
Enable on
1.0uF C2P C2N VOUT 1uF
VIN
PhotonICTM LED1
CM9140
EN ISET GND LED2 LED3 LED4
off
RSET
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PRELIMINARY CM9140
Package Pinout
PACKAGE / PINOUT DIAGRAM
Bottom View
8 C2N 5 NC 6 NC 7 NC
ISET VIN C1P LED1
4 3 2 1 16 15 14 13
9 EN
TQFN16 4X4
10 GND 11 C1N 12 LED4
LED3
LED2
16-Lead TQFN Package (4mm x 4mm)
Note: This drawing is not to scale.
Ordering Information
PART NUMBERING INFORMATION
Lead-free Finish Leads 16 Package TQFN Ordering Part Number1 CM9140-01QE Part Marking
Note 1: Parts are shipped in Tape & Reel form unless otherwise specified.
Specifications
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
PARAMETER ESD Protection (HBM) Pin Voltages VIN to GND VOUT to GND ISET, EN to GND All other pins to GND Storage Temperature Range Operating Temperature Range Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10s) RATING 2 [GND - 0.3] to +6.0 [GND - 0.3] to +7.0 [GND - 0.3] to +5.0 [GND - 0.3] to +5.0 -65 to +150 -40 to +85 300 UNITS kV V V V C C C
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VOUT
C2P
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PRELIMINARY CM9140
Specifications (cont'd)
ELECTRICAL OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
VIN = 3.6V; All outputs are on. Typical values are at TA = 25C. SYMBOL VIN VUVLO IQ ISD PARAMETER Supply Voltage Range Undervoltage Lockout Quiescent Current Shutdown Supply Current All outputs are no load. 1x mode VEN < 0.4V IOUT = 0mA to 120mA, VIN = 3.0 to 5.5V 4.2 CONDITIONS MIN 2.9 1.7 1.8 500 2 10 5.5 300 1 2 5 50 1.8 0.4 400 135 15 mA C C TYP MAX 6.0 1.9 UNIT S V V A A V mA % % mA
VOUT Charge Pump Output Voltage VOUT ILED TOT ILED Accuracy of ISET Matching current between LED1 to LED4 ILED per driver EN, ISET VIH VIL Protection Over-current Limit Over-temperature Limit Over-temperature Hysteresis High Level Input Voltage Low Level Input Voltage Total ILED Current
ILED1 thru ILED4+photoflash
VIN = 3.0V to 5.5V VIN = 4.0V, ILED 1,2,3,4 = 20mA Device total ILED < 200mA
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PRELIMINARY CM9140
Typical Performance Curves
Charge Pump Efficiency
Vled=3.2V 100 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 3.0
Iout=60mA Iout=30mA Iout=120mA
Source Current
Vled=3.2V
Efficiency (%)
90
80
Iout=120mA Iout=30mA Iout=60mA
70
60 3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Input Current (mA)
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Input Voltage (V)
Input Voltage (V)
Typical Waveforms
Cin=C2=C3=Cout=1uF, Iout=120mA 100 mV/ div 20mA/ div 100 mV/ div
Typical Waveforms
Cin=C2=C3=Cout=1uF, Iout=120mA
Vout
Vout
Iin
20mA/ div
Iin
50mV/ div 1.0x mode 1us/div
Vin
50mV/ div 1.5x mode 1us/div
Vin
Startup
Cin=C2=C3=Cout=1uF, Iout=120mA
25
LED Current vs. Vin
LED Current (mA)
2V/ div 200mA/ div 2V/ div .5ms/div
ENB
20
Iin
15
10
Vout
5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Input Voltage (V)
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PRELIMINARY CM9140
Functional Block Diagram
C1P C1N C2P C2N
VIN
OSC 500 kHz
Charge Pump x1, x1.5
VOUT
UVLO
Bandgap
ISET
LED1
Mode Select
LED2 Current Sinks LED3 LED4
Failed LED Condition
GND
CM9140
EN
Pin Descriptions
PIN DESCRIPTIONS
LEAD(s) NAME DESCRIPTION
1 2 3
LED1 C1P VIN
Cathode of LED1 pin. This pin is the plus side of charge pump bucket capacitor C1. Connect a 1.0F ceramic capacitor with a voltage rating of 10V or greater between C1N and C1P. Positive supply voltage input pin. This voltage should be between 2.9V and 6V. This pin requires a 1.0F or larger ceramic capacitor to ground. Enable pin and Current set pin for drivers, active low. To set the LED current, a resistor, RSET, is connected between this pin and ground. The regulated LED current is 1000x the current flowing in RSET, and is approximately:
0.66V - ( LogicLow ) I LED = ---------------------------------------------------- x 1000 R SET
4
ISET
If this resistor is tied to directly ground (and enable function not used) Logic Low = 0, otherwise subtract the voltage drop of the device that drives this pin low.
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PRELIMINARY CM9140
Pin Descriptions (cont'd)
PIN DESCRIPTIONS
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 NC NC NC C2N EN GND C1N LED4 C2P LED3 VOUT LED2 This pin is the minus side of charge pump bucket capacitor C2. Connect a 1.0F ceramic capacitor between C2N and C2P. PWM/Analog input pin. Can be used as second Enable pin, active high. Should tied high when not used. Ground terminal pin. This pin is the minus side of charge pump bucket capacitor C1. Connect a 1.0F ceramic capacitor between C1N and C1P. Cathode of LED4 pin. This pin is the plus side of charge pump bucket capacitor C2. Connect a 1.0F ceramic capacitor between C2N and C2P. Cathode of LED3 pin. Charge pump output voltage pin, which connects to the anodes of all LEDs. A 1F capacitor to ground is recommended. Cathode of LED2 pin.
Application Information
The CM9140 is a switched capacitor, charge pump voltage converter ideally suited for driving white LEDs to backlight LCD color displays in portable devices. The CM9140 charge pump is the perfect driver for portable applications such as cellular phones, digital still cameras, PDAs and any application where small space, compact overall size, low system cost and minimal EMI are critical. The CM9140 requires only two external switched (bucket) capacitors, plus an input and an output capacitor, providing for a compact, low profile design. In many applications, these can all be conveniently the same value of 1.0F, available in a compact 0805 surface mount package. The adaptive conversion ratio selects the most efficient operating mode. When VIN is higher than the needed VOUT (VLED+VCURRENT_SINK), the 1x mode is set. When the input voltage is below the LED forward voltage and a voltage boost is needed, the 1.5x mode is automatically selected. The 1.5x mode uses a frac(c) 2006 California Micro Devices Corp. All rights reserved.
tional charge pump to convert the nominal Li-ion battery voltage (3.6V) by 1.5 times and regulates the LED current to the low dropout current sources. The current regulated sources maintain constant LED drive in the presence of supply voltage fluctuations. All LEDs are driven with the same current even when they have slightly different forward voltages. The individual current sources sense the current through each LED and match this current to less than 2% for uniform brightness across the color LCD display. The CM9140 drives up to four WLEDS. The maximum current programmed by RSET determines the maximum intensity; the display can be further dimmed by PWM control applied to its EN pin.
CM9140 Operation
When a voltage is applied to the VIN pin, the CM9140 initiates a softstart cycle, typically lasting 100 S. Softstart limits the inrush current while the output capaci-
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PRELIMINARY CM9140
Application Information (cont'd)
tors are charged. Following softstart, the CM9140 next determines the best conversion ratio (1x or 1.5x). The 1.5x mode employs a fractional charge pump. The charge pump uses two phases from the internal oscillator to drive switches that are connected to the bucket capacitors, C1 and C2, as shown in Figure 1. In the first switch position, the bucket capacitors are connected in series and each are charged from VIN to a voltage of VIN/2. The next phase changes the switch positions so that C1 and C2 are in parallel, and places them on top of VIN. The resulting voltage across COUT is then VIN+1/2VIN = 1.5 x VIN. and will cause the output voltage to drop, until automatically resetting after removal of the excessive current. Over-temperature protection disables the IC when the junction is about 135 C, and automatically turns on the IC when the junction temperature drops by approximately 15 C.
Efficiency
A conventional charge pump with a fixed gain of 2x will usually develop more voltage than is needed to drive paralleled white LEDs from Li-Ion sources. This excessive gain develops a higher internal voltage, reducing the system efficiency and increasing battery drain in portable devices. A fractional charge pump with a gain of 1.5x is better suited for driving white LEDs in these applications. The CM9140 charge pump automatically switches between the two conversion gains, 1x and 1.5x, allowing high efficiency levels over a wide operating input voltage range. The 1x mode allows the voltage to pass directly through to the output when sufficient input voltage is available. As the battery discharges to the point where any one current source no longer has sufficient voltage headroom to maintain a constant current regulation, the 1.5x charge pump is enabled. At nominal loads, the switching losses and quiescent current are negligible. If these losses are ignored for simplicity, the efficiency, , for an ideal 1.5x charge pump can be expressed as the output power divided by the input power:
P LED = -----------P IN
VOUT
COUT C1 1/2 VIN
VIN
C2 1/2 VIN
Charge C1 and C2 to 1/2 VIN each VOUT
C1 COUT
VIN
1/2 VIN
C2 1/2 VIN
For an ideal 1.5x charge pump, IIN 1.5 x IOUT, and the efficiency may be expressed as;
VOUT = ( VLED + VCURRENT _ SINK )
Transfer 1/2 VIN charge to top of VIN
Figure 1. Switch Operation
PLED ( VOUT ) x IOUT V x 1.5 x I PIN OUT IN
VOUT = 1.5 x V IN 3.9 V 1.5 x VIN
The CM9140 has over-temperature and over-current protection circuitry to limit device stress and failure during short circuit conditions. An overcurrent condition will limit the output current (approximately 400~600mA)
(c) 2006 California Micro Devices Corp. All rights reserved. 04/26/06
For ( VLED + VCURRENT _ SINK ) = 3.9 V,
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PRELIMINARY CM9140
Application Information (cont'd)
Many charge pumps are fixed 2x designs. The ideal 2x charge pump efficiency can be similarly expressed;
P OUT 3.9V ------------- ---------------------P IN 2.0 x V IN
The 1x mode has better efficiency than the 1.5x mode. Selecting LEDs with low forward voltage (VLED) increases the time spent in the 1x mode as the battery discharges, extending the operating time.
In 1x mode, when the input voltage is above the output voltage, the ideal efficiency is simply VOUT/VIN. The typical conversion efficiency plots for these modes, with some losses, are shown in Figure 2.
Failed LED Detection
If a LED is shorted, the CM9140 will continue to operate and drive the remaining LEDs at the programmed current. If a LED opens, the other LEDs will still be regulated at the programmed current.
VLED=3.5V
90 1X
LED Current Set (ISET)
An external resistor programs a reference current, setting the maximum driver current. This resistor must be tied to a good analog ground. If it is pulled to ground through a switch, for example, from the host controller output, the voltage drop across that switch should not exceed 10mV. The voltage at the ISET pin is provided by a .66V bandgap reference. The LED current is approximately 1000x the current set by the RSET resistor, according to the following formula:
0.66V - ( LogicLow ) R SET = ---------------------------------------------------- x 1000 I LED
Efficiency (%)
75 60 45
1X-1.5X dual mode
2X
30 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
1.5X
5.0
5.5
6.0
Input Voltage (V)
Figure 2. Ideal charge pump efficiency
As can be seen, the CM9140, with 1x and 1.5x modes, has better efficiency in this application than a fixed 2x charge pump. At low battery voltages, the higher efficiency of the CM9140 charge pump's 1,5x gain reduces the battery drain. At higher input voltages, typically seen when the system is running off an AC adapter, the CM9140, operating the 1x mode, has better efficiency than single mode 1.5x or 2x charge pumps, lowering the power dissipation for cooler circuit operation and long life. While the charge pump efficiency is easily determined, the system efficiency is more difficult due to the current source outputs, which complicate measuring the output power. The forward voltage of the white LEDs will vary, and the constant current sources will adjust to maintain the current. When comparing systems, it is best to compare the input current for a specified LED drive current.
Logic Low is the voltage on device driving this pin to ground. If the resistor is tied to ground directly, Logic low = 0. For 20mA LED current, RSET33 k. When this pin is driven high or open, the device will enter a sleep mode with VOUT = 4.5V and, with no load, IQUIESCENT 500A.
Analog Control of Display Intensity
Typically, portable devices control the backlight display intensity in response to ambient light conditions, or lower the intensity after a short standby interval to converse battery charge. The luminous intensity of white LEDs is proportional to the amount of forward current through them, but the color wavelength emitted is also dependent upon the forward current. In applications where color shift is not critical, brightness can be controlled by adjusting the diode's current. A typical white LED Intensity vs. forward current curve is shown in Figure 3.
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PRELIMINARY CM9140
Application Information (cont'd)
Relative Luminous Intensity
1.5
The resistors can be determined from the equations below.
( R x Ratio ) + Rp R = -----------------------------------------Ratio
Rset = Ratio x R
Normalized to 20mA
1.0
0.5
0.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
For example, a VC max of 2.5V and a maximum current setting of 20mA, R=125k, RSET=44.8k. Figure 5 shows the control curve.
Forward Current (mA)
25
LED Current vs. Vc
LED Current (mA)
Figure 3. Typical Luminous Intensity vs. LED Current The ISET pins of the CM9140 can be used to connect an analog DC signal for analog dimming of the white LEDs, as shown in Figure 4 This requires an additional resistor, R, and a DC source voltage, Vc.
VC CM9140 R ISET RSET
20 15 10 5 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Control Voltage, Vc
Figure 5. LED Current Control Curve
Figure 4. Analog LED current adjust
A control voltage, VC, applied to the resistor divider will decrease the current for all LEDs. The maximum LED current occurs with 0V on VC, which is set by RP is the parallel combination of R and RSET.
0.66V R P = ---------------------- x 1000 I LED max
The circuit in Figure 6 is an example of logic dimming control, which changes the LED forward current in discrete steps. The NMOS source is an open drain (or open collector if bipolar) device, either the output of a host controller, or a discrete device. Open drain, or open collector devices sink current in their active, low voltage state (logic 0), and are high impedance in their high voltage, non-active state (logic 1). The open drain must not be pulled high with an external resistor, but instead connected only to the current setting resistors. The parallel combination of R and RSET determine the full intensity current. When the drain goes high, RSET determines the lower intensity current.
Choose the maximum control voltage, VC, which sets zero LED current, and then determine the resistor ratio.
0.66V Ratio = ------------------------Vc - 0.66 V
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PRELIMINARY CM9140
Application Information (cont'd)
CM9140 ISET RSET R 55k 82.5k
VBATT
rent. Only the time averaged current changes. Above a minimum frequency, the human eye will perceive the change in duty cycle as a change in brightness.
Open Drain Controller Output
VIN
on off
VOUT LED1 LED2 LED3 LED4 Display
PWM
EN ISET1
Figure 6. Logic Signal Dimming
RSET
CM9140 GND
For example, to reduce the luminosity intensity by half, using the LED curve from Figure 3, the current setting needs to be changed from 20mA to about 8mA. The values in Figure 6 will accomplish this, are where obtained using the following equations;
Rp = .66 V * 1000 ILED (max) 1 1 1 - Rp Rset Rset = .66 V * 1000 ILED (min)
Figure 7. PWM applied to EN
R=
Additional parallel resistors can be added in the same way.
The recommended frequency is between 100 Hz and 200 Hz, with a duty cycle greater than 20%. If a frequency of less then 100 Hz is used, flicker might be seen in the LEDs. The frequency should also be greater than the refresh rate of the TFT display. Higher frequencies will cause a loss of brightness control linearity. In addition, higher frequency can cause chromaticity shifts because the fixed rise and fall times of the PWM signal will shift the forward current. The PWM signal will cause the average LED current to be reduced. The average current is determined by the PWM duty cycle, which can vary from 0% to 100%. Decreased Duty Cycle will linearly lower LED brightness, 0% Duty Cycle will turn off the display LEDs.
PWM Control of Display Intensity
Typically, portable devices control the backlight display intensity in response to ambient light conditions, or lower the intensity after a short standby interval to converse battery charge. The CM9140 allows the output to lower the LED brightness by applying a pulsing (PWM) signal to EN, as shown in Figure 7. The waveforms are shown in Figure 8. The white in white LEDs is typically bichromatic, produced by a blue or UV LED that excites yellow phosphors. The two colors combine and the human eye sees these them as white light. The forward current of the LED influences the chromaticity, with higher LED current increasing the blue content of the color. Using a PWM signal allows the LEDs to be dimmed without substantially shifting their color balance due to chromaticity shifts related to changing white LED forward current. The PWM signal causes the LEDs to operate either at the full ISET current, or at zero cur(c) 2006 California Micro Devices Corp. All rights reserved. 04/26/06
EN
PWM signal
VOUT ILED (1,2,3)
ISET
Figure 8. PWM Signal Dimming
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PRELIMINARY CM9140
Application Information (cont'd) CM9140 Design Examples
Cell Phone
Some mobile phone LCD displays (both STN and miniTFT) use white LEDs for backlighting. Lightguides are used to distribute the light uniformly behind the LCD. A typical application is shown in Figure 9. The display's intensity can be lowered by a PWM signal applied to the EN pin, as determine by the ambient light conditions.
VBATT VIN
on off
Capacitor Selection
For proper performance, use surface-mount, low ESR ceramic capacitors for all four positions. X7R or X5R ceramic dielectric provides good stability over the operating temperature and voltage range. The capacitance and ESR of the external bucket capacitors will directly affect the output impedance and efficiency of the converter. A ceramic 1F capacitor is recommended. Reflected input ripple depends on the impedance of the VIN source, such as the PCB traces and the Li-ion battery, which have elevated impedance at higher frequencies. The input capacitor located near the converter input reduces this source impedance and ripple. Any ESR from the capacitor will result in steps and spikes in the ripple waveform, and possibly produce EMI. Much of the ripple voltage is due to moving current charge in and out of the capacitor and the capacitor's impedance at the charge pump frequency. If ripple voltage or current on the battery bus is an application issue, add a small input inductor between the battery and the capacitor, or just increase the capacitor. For a given output current, increasing the output capacitance reduces output ripple in the 1.5x mode. Increasing the output capacitor will also increase startup current and time. In most LED applications, high frequency output ripple is not a concern because it will not cause intensity variations that are visible to the human eye.
VOUT LED1 LED2 LED3 LED4
PWM
EN
Display
MENU
ISET R SET GND
CM9140
Figure 9. Display Backlight
Camera Flash
The CM9140 can support a camera flash in digital still cameras as well as in camera equipped smart phones and PDAs. In this case the flash LEDs are supplied 3 x 50-mA = 150-mA. See Figure 10.
VBATT VIN Flash RSET EN ISET VOUT LED1 LED2 LED3 LED4 WLED Flash
Layout Guide
The charge pump is rapidly charging and discharging the external capacitors, so external traces to the capacitors should be made wide and short to minimize inductance and high frequency ringing. The four capacitors should be located as close as practical to the charge pump, particularly C1 and C2, which have the highest dv/dt. Use a solid ground plane, and connect the ground side of CIN, COUT and the package GND as close as practical.
CM9140 GND
Figure 10. Flash Application
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PRELIMINARY CM9140
Mechanical Details
TQFN-16 Mechanical Specifications The CM9140 is supplied in a 16-lead, 4.0mm x 4.0mm TQFN package. Dimensions are presented below. For complete information on the TQFN16, see the California Micro Devices TQFN Package Information document. Mechanical Package Diagrams
D
PACKAGE DIMENSIONS
Leads Dim. A A1 A3 b D D1 D2 E E1 E2 e L # per tube # per tape and reel 0.55 2.05 0.65 TYP. 0.65 0.022 xx pieces* xxxx pieces
E2
16 Millimeters Min 0.00 0.20 REF 0.25 4.0 BSC 1.95 REF 2.05 4.0 BSC 1.95 REF 2.15 0.081 0.026 0.026
D1
E
Package
TQFN-16 (4x4) Inches Max 0.84 0.04 0.33 0.00 .008 0.010 0.157 0.077 2.15 0.081 0.157 0.077 0.085 0.085 0.013 Min Nom 0.031 Max 0.033 0.002
Pin 1 Marking
Nom 0.80
0.15 C 0.15 C
TOP VIEW
0.10 C
0.08 C
SIDE VIEW
A3 A1
A
Controlling dimension: millimeters
* This is an approximate number which may vary.
E1
D2 L
DAP SIZE 1.8 X 1.8
e
b
16X 0.10
M
CAB
BOTTOM VIEW
Package Dimensions for 16-Lead TQFN
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